Tobakk

Om røyking/Tobakk, samt nikotin.

Gammelt dokument som ikke er oppdatert på flere år, men som allikevel inneholder mange forskningsreferanser som gir perspektiv

PP


TOBAKK/RØYK






Rygning og rusmidler -


http://www.helsenyt.com/frame.cfm/cms/sprog=1/grp=9/menu=4/






How does your body digest a cigarette -


http://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/smoking-cessation/digest-a-cigarette.htm






THE TOXINS IN CIGARETTES –


http://curezone.com/art/read.asp?ID=4&db=12&C0=1


http://quitsmoking.about.com/od/chemicalsinsmoke/a/chemicalshub.htm


http://ash.org/additives.html










KEY TOXINS FOUND IN CIGARETTE SMOKE AND THEIR KNOWN HEALTH EFFECTS –


http://www.town.tecumseh.on.ca/nosmoking/KeyToxins.pdf






Physiological Action. Tobacco is a very depressant nauseant, an emetic by systemic and irritant action, a sternutatory, diuretic, diaphoretic, cathartic, sedative, antispasmodic, and narcotic. It first stimulates and afterwards paralyzes the motor nerves of involuntary muscles, and the secreting nerves of the glands, also the spinal cord and the vagus; at first stimulating both the vagus-roots and its ends in the heart (slowing the pulse-rate), but afterwards paralyzing the latter (causing high pulse-rate). It produces increased salivary and intestinal secretions, diuresis, tremor, clonic spasms, and a tetanic stage previous to its paresis. It contracts the pupils, slows and depresses the heart, first lowers and then raises the arterial tension, and reduces the body temperature; causes profuse sweating, cold and clammy skin, collapse, and death usually by paralysis of respiration, sometimes by paralysis of the heart. It does not impair the muscular irritability, nor does it act on the cerebrum directly. The empyreumatic products of Tobacco are similar in action but less powerful. Fatal results have followed the inhalation of the vapor.






The continued use of Tobacco by smoking or chewing to excess produces granular inflammation of the fauces and pharynx, atrophy of the retina, dyspepsia, lowered sexual power, sudden faints, nervous depression, cardiac irritability and occasionally angina pectoris. Used by the young it hinders the development of the higher nervous centres, and impairs the nutrition of the body by interfering with the processes of digestion and assimilation.






Nicotine is almost as rapidly fatal as Prussic Acid, death having occurred from a toxic dose in three minutes, with no symptoms except a wild stare and a deep sigh -


http://www.ibiblio.org/herbmed/eclectic/potter-comp/nicotiana.html






Tobak giver dårlig ryg –


http://www.helsenyt.com/frame.cfm/cms/id=2495/sprog=1/grp=9/menu=4/






SMOKING/BACK PROBLEMS
Smoking increases one's risk of suffering from back disorders, according to a study from the University of Alabama at Birmingham and the Valley Medical Center in Fresno, California. Tobacco use seems to weaken the bones and slow production of new bone cells. Smoking also hinders the blood supply to the bones or interferes with the function of osteoblasts. (Neurosurgery 41(1)116-124, 1997)






Tobak eller olivenolie –


http://www.helsenyt.com/frame.cfm/cms/id=2331/sprog=1/grp=9/menu=4/






Tobak kan give Basedow –


http://www.helsenyt.com/frame.cfm/cms/id=2043/sprog=1/grp=9/menu=4/






SMOKING/THYROID
Heavy smokers have been shown to have substantial decreases in two thyroid hormones, T-3 (triiodothyronine) and T-4 (serum thyroxine). Several constituents of cigarette smoke are known to have antithyroid activity. Thyroid hormone level changes may have a profound effect on overall metabolism, as well as androgenic and estrogenic steroid activity. Light and moderate smokers demonstrated a milder decrease in thyroid hormone levels. (Archives of Internal Medicine 144:501-503, March, 1984)






Smoking and Thyroid Disease - The Relationship Between Cigarette Smoking and Thyroid Conditions –


http://thyroid.about.com/cs/latestresearch/a/smoking.htm






Influence of cigarette smoking on thyroid function, goiter formation and autoimmune thyroid disorders –


http://www.hormones.gr/12/article/article.html






Smoking Increases Risk of Thyroid Problems -


http://www.mercola.com/2000/jul/2/smoking_thyroid.htm






Rygning er skyld i flest dødsfald –


http://www.helsenyt.com/frame.cfm/cms/id=3255/sprog=1/grp=9/menu=4/






Rygning forkorter livet –


http://www.helsenyt.com/frame.cfm/cms/id=1376/sprog=1/grp=9/menu=4/










Rygning og psoriasis –


http://www.helsenyt.com/frame.cfm/cms/id=3253/sprog=1/grp=9/menu=4/






'Light' Cigarettes, Heavy Damage –http://www.drkoop.com/template.asp?page=newsdetail&ap=93&id=504946






Rygning tærer på mænds knogler –


http://www.helsenyt.com/frame.cfm/cms/id=2042/sprog=1/grp=9/menu=4/






Det Finnes Ikke Noe Sånt Som En Trygg Sigarett -


http://www.helsenettet.com/helsenytt.asp?page=2&key=444






Er sigaretter farligere for kvinner? -


http://www.forskning.no/Artikler/2004/februar/1076439676.95






Smoking accelerates biotin catabolism in women (Smoking accelerates the degradation of many nutrients, including lipids, antioxidants, and certain B vitamins. Accelerated biotin catabolism is of concern in women because marginal biotin deficiency is teratogenic in mammals) - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15447901






Rygning skyld i flere kræftformer –


http://www.helsenyt.com/frame.cfm/cms/id=2174/sprog=1/grp=9/menu=4/






LEUKEMIA/SMOKING
Leukemia rates in smokers are higher than in non-smokers. As the number of cigarettes smoked daily increases, so does the leukemia incidence. The authors of this study feel that smoking may be responsible for most cases of leukemia in adults. Passive smokers (those who are exposed to other people's cigarette smoke) are also at increased leukemia risk. (British Medical Journal 297:657-659, 1988)






LIFESTYLE/IMMUNE SYSTEM
A healthy lifestyle enhances the production of lymphokine- activated killer (LAK) cells, a group of lymphocytes which appear to assist the body in fighting cancer. Smoking produced a marked decrease in the production of LAK cells, while exercise increased them. In general, the more good health practices the person had the higher their LAK cell levels. (Preventive Medicine 25:717-724, 1996)






BREAST CANCER/CIGARETTE SMOKING
Smoking may increase the risk of breast cancer, particularly in women who have not yet entered menopause. (Archives of Internal Medicine 148:140-144, January, 1988)






TOBACCO/OBESITY/BREAST CANCER SPREAD
Women who use tobacco or are overweight are more likely to have early spread of breast cancer according to a University of California at Davis study. Habitual smokers were more likely to have lymph node involvement at the time of diagnosis of the disease. (Cancer 62:429-435, 1988)






SMOKING/COLON TUMORS
Cigarette smoking appears to increase the risk of colonic adenomas. (Gastroenterology 90(5 pt 2)1492, May 1986) These growths are considered to be precancerous.






SMOKING/CANCER OF THE CERVIX
Cigarette smoking is significantly associated with cancer of the cervix. The risk of cervical cancer increases as the number of cigarettes smoked daily increases. The risk may be greatest in those who began smoking early in their teens. (Journal of the American Medical Association 250(4)499-502, 1983)






SMOKING/CERVICAL CANCER
Dr. E. R. Greenberg of the Norris Cotton Cancer Center reports that heavy smokers have at least a two-fold increase in the risk of cervical cancer. (British Journal of Cancer 51:139-41, 1985)






COFFEE/SMOKING/PANCREATIC CANCER
Individuals who smoke and drink coffee are at increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer according to a California study. Previous studies have shown a relationship between coffee intake and pancreatic cancer, but apparently smoking elevates the risk even more. (Western Journal of Medicine 148:48-53, January 1988)






CANCER OF RENAL PELVIS/SMOKING
Smoking is the major cause of cancer of the renal pelvis. This type of cancer accounts for approximately 10% of kidney cancers in the United States. Those who stop smoking reduce their risk. Persons who use pain medications containing acetaminophen or phenacetin on a regular basis for periods of three or more years have an almost fourfold increase in risk. Estrogen medications (for birth control or menopausal symptoms) and excessive tea use (perhaps three or more cups per day) also increase the risk. (Journal of the National Cancer Institute 71(2)287-291, August 1983)






PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE/SMOKING
Pelvic inflammatory disease is more common in smokers than non- smokers, and more frequent in women who have had children. Low- income women are also at increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease. (Clinical and Investigative Medicine 13(3 Suppl)B35, August 1990)






Light-cigaretter giver også kræft –


http://www.helsenyt.com/frame.cfm/cms/id=1522/sprog=1/grp=9/menu=4/






SMOKING/PHENACETIN/CANCER OF THE URETER/CANCER OF THE RENAL PELVIS
Smoking increases the risk of cancer of the ureter, and pain medications containing phenacetin increase the risk of cancer of the renal pelvis, according to a study published in the Journal of Urology. (Journal of Urology 130(1)28-30, 1983)






Smoking Causes Colon Cancer –


http://www.drmirkin.com/morehealth/9364.html






Smoking Causes Genetic Damage Linked to Colon Cancer - http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Smoking_Causes_Genetic_Damage_Linked_to_Colon_Cancer.asp






CIGARETTE SMOKING/BLADDER CANCER
A positive, consistent correlation between cigarette smoking and cancer of the lower urinary tract has been demonstrated. Comparison of a group of 470 smokers and 500 similar non-smoking controls demonstrated a higher cancer rate in the smokers. There was also a correlation of increased cancer in heavy smokers and those who inhaled cigarette smoke. (New England Journal of Medicine 284(3)129-134, January 21, 1971)






SMOKING/COFFEE/BLADDER CANCER
A strong association between smoking and bladder cancer risk was demonstrated in a West German study. Those who began smoking before 15 years of age are at greatest risk. Coffee drinking on a regular basis also increases the risk (one cup a day increases the risk by three times -- yes, decaffeinated also). (American Journal of Epidemiology 122(3)524, September 1985)






SMOKING/OVARIAN CYSTS
Cigarette smoking increases the rate of ovarian cysts in women, and apparently induces these changes at an age earlier than might be expected. (International Journal of Fertility 33(6)398-404, 1988)






Does Smoking Make You Stupid? –


http://www.mybrainfacts.com/doessmokingcloudthebrain.html


http://www.mercola.com/2005/oct/27/does_smoking_make_you_stupid.htm






It's official Smoking makes you stupid -


http://www.naturalnews.com/029484_smoking_IQ.html


http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1261490/Is-proof-smoking-lowers-IQ-Study-suggests-20-day-drastically-reduces-mental-capacity.html






First Cigarette May Change Teens' Brains and Behavior –


http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2008/08/26/why-just-one-cigarette-can-get-you-hooked.aspx






Røking Og Mental Helse –


http://www.helsenettet.com/helsenytt.asp?page=2&key=426






SMOKING/SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE
While not the only factor in subarachnoid hemorrhage, smoking has been demonstrated to increase the risk factor by 3:9 for men and 3:7 for women. (British Medical Journal 1:577-578, March 3, 1979)










SMOKING/THINKING
Smokers are less able to perform complex mental tasks than non- smokers. Smoking seems to damage the memory and limit one's ability to remember previous experiences. This may mean that smokers are less able to handle emergencies such as a car skidding on a wet road or after a tire blowout. (Science News 143:46-47, January 16, 1993)






SMOKING/BRAIN BLOOD FLOW
Cessation of smoking has been shown to increase blood flow to brain. Over 250 volunteers participated in a study in Houston, which revealed that even those who had smoked for 30 to 40 years demonstrated brain blood flow increases which were considered significant. Subjects in the study who had smoked in the past had less brain blood flow than subjects who had never smoked, but more than current smokers. (Geriatrics 40(8)21, August, 1985)






SMOKING MAY BE HAZARDOUS TO YOUR MEMORY . Recent research performed at the University of California (Los Angeles) shows that subjects who smoked nicotine-free cigarettes scored "substantially higher" in a word recall test than did those who smoked brands containing 1.5 milligrams of the drug. - http://www.motherearthnews.com/library/1978_November_December/Bits_and_Pieces






Nicotine Works – Nicotine & The Brain –


http://health.howstuffworks.com/nicotine4.htm






Sammenheng mellom røyking og blindhet -


http://www.forskning.no/Artikler/2004/mars/1078406769.63










CATARACTS LINKED TO SMOKING


People who smoke have a higher incidence of cataracts than those who do not; quitting smoking reduces this risk by limiting total dose-related damage to the lens.


Reference:


JAMA. 284(6):713-716. 2000.






SMOKING/STROKE
A New Zealand study reveals that smoking may cause more strokes than high blood pressure, which is commonly known to predispose to stroke. Smokers have a threefold increase in risk when compared to non-smokers with normal blood pressure levels. As the number of cigarettes smoked increases so does the risk of stroke. (British Medical Journal 293:831-837, June, 1986)






SMOKING/URINARY INCONTINENCE
Women smokers are at greater risk of developing stress urinary incontinence or motor urinary incontinence than are non-smokers. (American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 167:1213-1218, 1992)






TOBACCO USE/PROSTATE CANCER
Men who use tobacco in any form are at increased risk of developing prostate cancer. (American Journal of Epidemiology 133(5)437-441, 1991)






Smoking Causes Impotence –


http://www.drmirkin.com/men/9310.html






Smoking causes male sexual impotence -


http://www.ash.org.uk/html/health/html/impotent.html






RESTLESS LEG SYNDROME/SMOKING
Restless leg syndrome is poorly understood and has been attributed to a number of factors. A Canadian physician reports that a 70-year-old lady was cured of her symptoms about a month after she stopped smoking. (Canadian Medical Association Journal 133:426-427, September 1, 1985)






INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION RISK FACTORS
A new report from the ongoing Framingham study reveals that intermittent claudication (pain in the legs, often brought on by walking) rises with age until about 75 years of age. Cigarette smoking approximately doubles the risk of intermittent claudication. It was found that impaired glucose tolerance increased the risk, and that hypertension (high blood pressure) increased the risk 2.5 to 4-fold. A low vital capacity (inability to take large amounts of air into the lungs)was also a risk. (Journal of the American Geriatric Society 33:13-18, 1985) Exercise will improve glucose tolerance, reduce high blood pressure, and increase vital capacity, thus decreasing the risk of intermittent claudication.










PASSIVE SMOKING/HEART DISEASE
More people die of smoking related heart disease than lung cancer. A ten-year study done in California revealed that wives of current or former smokers had a higher death rate from heart disease than did women whose husbands did not smoke. (American Journal of Epidemiology 121:645-50, 1985) Tobacco continues to be the number one health hazard in the United States, causing or making worse a host of diseases.






PASSIVE SMOKING/MENOPAUSE
Previous studies have revealed that smokers have earlier menopause than do non-smokers. Now a study shows that women who are exposed to the cigarette smoke of others may also undergo early menopause. (British Medical Journal 293:792, September 27, 1986)






CIGARETTE SMOKE/NON-SMOKERS
A decrease in the small airways airflow of nonsmokers subjected to cigarette smoke at work has been shown in studies at the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla. The study demonstrated that forced mid-expiratory flow among passive smokers (those exposed to others' smoke, but who do not themselves smoke) was comparable to flows measured in persons who smoked 1-10 cigarettes daily.
Reduced lung function has also been demonstrated in children whose parents smoke. Children in the 5-9 year old group who had two smoking parents had lower forced midexpiratory flow rates than children with only one smoking parent, and children with nonsmoking parents had the highest scores. (Family Practice News, September 15, 1980, p. 3, 40)






CERVICAL CANCER/SMOKING/PASSIVE SMOKING
Smokers are at increased risk of developing cervical cancer. Cervical cancer risk is also increased by passive smoke (inhaling the smoke of other smokers). (Journal of the American Medical Association 261(11)1593, March 17, 1989)






PASSIVE SMOKING/LUNG CANCER
A Japanese study reveals that non-smoking women whose husbands smoke are at a 50 percent increased risk of developing lung cancer. (Cancer Research 46:4804-4807, September 1986)






Second-hand smoke and lung cancer


A recent study demonstrated that non-smokers exposed to side-stream cigarette smoke take up and metabolize the carcinogens capable of causing lung cancer.


Reference:


New England Journal of Medicine, November 18, 1993: 1543






SMOKING HUSBANDS/CANCER IN WIVES
Non-smoking women exposed to their husband's cigarette smoke have a much higher incidence of lung cancer than non-smoking women married to non-smoking men. The risk of non-smoking wives was one- half to one-third that of women who smoke. The risk of lung cancer in women whose husbands smoked two or more packs a day was 2.08 times higher than those with non-smoking husbands, while those whose husband smoked 1-9 cigarettes daily had a risk 1.6 times greater than non-smokers. A study of 346 women who died of lung cancer over a 14 year period revealed an annual lung cancer death rate of 8.7 per 100,000 when the husband smoked only occasionally or not at all, 14 per 100,000 when they were ex-smokers or used less than 20 cigarettes daily, and 18.1 per 100,000 when the husbands smoked 20 or more cigarettes daily. (Medical World News, February 16, 1981, page 17, 19; Science News 119(4)53, January 24, 1981; Physician's Washington Report 3(8)5, February 1981)






PASSIVE SMOKING/BREAST CANCER
Dr. Wesley Horton, of the Oregon Health Sciences University, states that indoor cigarette smoke pollution is a major cause of breast cancer. Previous studies have shown no relationship between smoking and breast cancer, but these studies did not take "passive" or "sidestream" smoke into consideration. International mortality studies demonstrate a positive relationship between lung cancer in men and breast cancer in women, suggesting that a husband's smoking habit may induce breast cancer in his wife. Exposure longer than 20 years may be required for the woman to manifest the disease process. (Cancer 62:6-14, 1988)






PASSIVE SMOKING/LUNG FUNCTION
Non-smokers who are exposed to cigarette smoke suffer reduced lung function. (Thorax 45:27-31, 1990)






VITAMIN C LOSS WITH SECOND-HAND SMOKE


A study comparing people exposed to more than 20 hours per week of second-hand smoke compared to those not exposed showed that those exposed, even though having a similar diet to the non-exposed group, suffered low blood levels of vitamin C — and in some cases alarmingly low levels. Vitamin C is an antioxidant capable of neutralizing free radicals that lie at the root of a variety of diseases such as cancer and heart disease. Thus low blood levels of vitamin C will increase the susceptibility to these diseases.11


Reference: Journal of Investigative Dermatology, January ,1994






PASSIVE SMOKING/INFANT COLIC
Only 32 percent of infants with non-smoking parents suffered colic after meals, while 91 percent of infants in homes where the father smoked 20 or more cigarettes per day suffered colic. As the parent's smoking habits increased, so did the rate of colic in infants. (British Medical Journal 289:660, September 1984)






PASSIVE SMOKING/CHRONIC MIDDLE EAR EFFUSION
Children of parents who smoke are more likely to suffer from chronic middle ear effusion than are children not exposed to cigarette smoke. Children who suffer from repeated or persistent middle ear problems often undergo surgery in an attempt to correct the problem.
Increased rates of bronchitis, bronchiolitis and pneumonia are also seen in children who are exposed to passive smoking. These children suffer changes in their pulmonary function which may predispose to later respiratory problems. (Infectious Diseases in Children 1(1)5, January 1988)






Passive smoking 'may harm fertility' –


http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/947246.stm






Passive smoking 'killing thousands' –


http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1919686.stm






Second-Hand Smoke Kills Your Kids! –


http://www.academon.com/cause-and-effect-essay/secondhand-smoke-and-children-112086/


http://www.foodconsumer.org/newsite/Non-food/Lifestyle/how_dangerous_is_outdoor_second-hand_smoke_101220090638.html






Cancer alert for smoking parents -


http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4214369.stm






Passiv rygning kræftfremkaldende –


http://www.helsenyt.com/frame.cfm/cms/id=1505/sprog=1/grp=9/menu=4/






Passiv røyking, krybbedød og infeksjoner hos barn - http://www.fhi.no/html/Passiv%20rog248yking%20krybbedog248d%20og%20infeksjoner%20hos%20barn.html






Mange fostre tvinges til å være storrøykere og tar skade av det – http://www.allergiviten.no/index.asp?G=1575&ID=4008






PASSIVE SMOKING/SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS)
Passive smoking (exposure to cigarette smoke) apparently increases the risk of SIDS. A Seattle study revealed that 61% of SIDS mothers smoked both during pregnancy and after delivery, compared to 42% of non-SIDS mothers. SIDS mothers also smoked a significantly greater number of cigarettes. A 1967 study revealed that 68.2% of SIDS mothers smoked, while only 39.5% of mothers with live control infants smoked. (Pediatrics 58(5)665-668, 1976)






Røykerbarn får problemfylt start –


http://www.allergiviten.no/index.asp?G=1575&ID=4085






Tobakksrøyk i omgivelsene (unngår å ta med en god del alvorlige helseskader som følge av eksponering for passiv røyk, så som f.eks faren for hjernehinnebetennelse, leukemi og lymfom, etc!)- http://www.fhi.no/eway/default0.asp?pid=223&oid=0&e=0&trg=Area_4504&MainArea_4320=4498:0:15,2600:1:0:0:4320;4349;::0:0:0&ContentArea_4498=4504:0:15,2956:1:0:0:4320;4498;::0:0:0&Area_4504=4336:45227::1:4751:1:4320;4498;4504;::10:0:0






Passiv Røyking - Eksponeringsmarkør -


http://inneklima.com/index.asp?context=&document=189






Passiv tobakksrøyking er røyking! –


http://inneklima.com/index.asp?context=&document=171






Graviditet og røyking –


http://www.tobakk.no/materiell/pdf/GravidebrosjyreBM.pdf






Passiv røyking skadelig for dyr -


http://www.dagbladet.no/dinside/2002/08/01/344874.html






Passive smoking puts pets at risk –


http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2165722.stm






How Cigarettes and Smoking Impact Your Pet’s Health -


http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2005/02/19/second-hand-smoke.aspx










Røykere får fetere barn –


http://www.dagsavisen.no/innenriks/article961071.ece






Gravide festrøykere får mindre babyer -


http://www.dagsavisen.no/innenriks/article946015.ece






Mødre som røyker får oftere barn med diabetes –


http://www.dagsavisen.no/innenriks/article960977.ece






Økt risiko for hjernehinnebetennelse –


http://www.dagsavisen.no/innenriks/article994608.ece






Barn som blir utsatt for passiv røking har 9 ganger større sjanse for å utvikle hjernehinnebetennelse enn barn som ikke har foreldre som røyker (Tenk på katten eller hunden din også neste gang du tar deg en blås!)






Risikerer hyperaktive barn –


http://www.dagsavisen.no/innenriks/article987603.ece






Røykende mødre kan få kriminelle barn –http://www.dagsavisen.no/innenriks2/article843890.ece






Mors Røykevaner Under Og Etter Svangerskapet – http://munin.hsh.no/hs/syk/sykepleielab/fih/FELLES/nytt/ekst_inf/samfunn/ms1-98.htm#Mors røykevaner



Blir lettere nikotinslave dersom mamma røyker –


http://www.dagsavisen.no/innenriks/article947961.ece






Mors røyking stjeler livskraft fra fostret -


http://inneklima.com/index.asp?context=&document=159






Cigarette Smoking During Pregnancy –


http://www.chem-tox.com/pregnancy/smoking.htm






SMOKING/BREASTFEEDING
Mothers who smoke while breastfeeding risk exposing their infants to insecticides which are applied to the tobacco plants. (Mayo Clinic Proceedings 59:759-765, November 1984) ED- Infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy are at twice the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) than those of non-smoking mothers.






SMOKING AND CHILDREN'S IQ


Cigarette smoke contains an estimated 2,000-4,000 different chemicals, some of which certainly have the potential to damage developing fetal cells. A researcher in Canada has shown that women who smoked during pregnancy could cause hearing problems in their children. Another report has shown that IQ scores in 3 to 4 year olds from mothers who smoked 10 or more cigarettes daily, were on average 9 points lower than for children from nonsmoking mothers.


In microcosm, a mother with an unborn child is like the Earth and us. What the mother does to her body affects the environment within which the child develops. The more this environment is destroyed, imbalanced and toxified, the less likely the child is to be healthy or develop full potential. Similarly, the more the Earth is imbalanced and toxified, the less we can expect health and the development of our full potential.


Fouling a mother’s body or fouling the Earth makes about as much sense as sawing through the limb you are sitting on.


Reference: Pediatrics, February, 1994






LOW NICOTINE CIGARETTES
Smokers have been urged to switch to low-nicotine cigarettes to reduce their risk of lung cancer. A recent study reveals that the tar and nicotine levels reported by the Federal Trade Commission are misleading. The machines used to test the cigarettes do not smoke the way humans do. Furthermore, smokers, perhaps unconsciously, alter their smoking habits to maintain their nicotine level intake levels. They often smoke more cigarettes, and inhale more deeply. The study of 15 brands of cigarettes revealed that "low-nicotine" cigarettes do not contain less nicotine. The nicotine levels in the tobacco actually correlated inversely with the nicotine concentrations reported by the FTC method! Blood nicotine levels correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked daily, but not with the machine-measured nicotine levels. The authors conclude that smoking "low-nicotine" cigarettes does not decrease nicotine consumption. (New England Journal of Medicine 309:139-142, 1983)






NICOTINE GUM/HEART DISEASE
While nicotine gum may help a person stop smoking, its long-term use may increase one's risk of heart disease. Nicotine gum may produce hyperinsulinemia (abnormally high levels of insulin production) and insulin resistance. (Circulation 94:878-881, 1996)






COFFEE/CIGARETTE SMOKING
If you are trying to stop smoking you should also eliminate the use of coffee according to a study from the Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics at San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center. A number of previous studies have shown a strong correlation between the two habits. (Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 34:565-570, 1989)






FEWER CIGARETTES/TOXIN EXPOSURE
Many smokers, unable to stop smoking, attempt to reduce the number of cigarettes smoked. A recent study reveals that people who attempt this often unknowingly take in more smoke from each cigarette, which raises toxin exposure. (New England Journal of Medicine 315(21)1310-1313, November 20, 1986